Boiler-waters, scale, corrosion, foaming by Christie William Wallace b. 1866

Author:Christie, William Wallace, b. 1866
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Feed-water, Steam-boilers -- Incrustations
Publisher: New York, D. Van Nostrand Company
Published: 1906-03-25T05:00:00+00:00

FIG. 28a.—Jackson Turbid-imeter.

HARDNESS OF WATER.

151

TABLE FOR CONVERTING READINGS IN DEPTHS BY THE TURBID-IMETER INTO PARTS PER MILLION OR GRAINS PER GALLON OF SULPHATE. (JACKSON.)

rapidly so as not to heat the liquid to any extent. The most accurate work is obtained in the dark-room, and the candle should be so placed as not to be subjected to a draft of air. Care should be taken to keep the bottom of the tube clean both inside and out so as not to cut out any of the light.

Mr. Jackson gives this method for the determination of sulphates.

It has been found that by means of this instrument other determinations than turbidity may be made. If the water is clear or is clarified by a filter, a determination of the sulphate present in the water may be obtained.

DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE IN WATER BY MEANS OF THE

TURBIDIMETER.

The amount of sulphate in natural waters is important on account of the scale-forming action of sulphate of lime in waters used for boiler purposes. If the amount of sulphate is considerable the determination may be made by the turbidimeter with a fair degree of accuracy. The method is as follows:

To 100 c.c. of the water to be tested add 1 c.c. of hydrochloric acid (1-1) and 1 gram of solid barium chloride crystals. If the amount of sulphate is low 200 or 300 c.c. of water must be treated in order to fill the longer tube employed. In this case add 1 c.c. of acid and 1 gram of barium chloride for each 100 c.c. of water taken.

Allow the mixture to stand for ten minutes with frequent shaking. The shaking is best accomplished if the water is treated in a bottle. The barium sulphate will be precipitated in a finely divided state and the turbidity produced is then read by pouring the milky solution into the glass tube and noting the point at which the image of the candle disappears.

The determinations as made by this method are extremely rough and are mainly used for approximate figures, obtained quickly, and with little labor.

Calcium.—To determine the calcium, the water is rendered slightly ammoniacal and a small quantity of ammonium oxalate crystals is added.

HARDNESS OF WATER.

153

When the calcium oxalate is precipitated, and the turbidimeter as above is used, the equivalent calcium may be found by reference to this table.

TABLE FOR ESTIMATION OF CALCIUM IN WATER IN PARTS PER MILLION WITH JACKSON TURBIDIMETER.

CHAPTER VIII. FEED-WATER HEATERS.*

THE time to purify all boiler feed-water is before it ever gets to the boiler, never in the boiler. It is very much more desirable that one has a lot of trouble keeping feed-water heaters and purifiers clean than to have the stuff get in the boiler.

A new "tray" heater was put in a Pennsylvania power-plant not so long ago, and when the steam-engineer was asked how it suited him he said that there was entirely too much " stuff " on the trays; in fact, it necessitated his cleaning them every day, which was not the condition of things with his old heater.

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